The stability and biocompatibility of Fe 3O NPs were improved by using the extract solution of the Sumac edible plant. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) validated the elemental compositions and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of Sumac ( Rhus coriaria) compounds in the composition of the nanocomposites. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) result shows that the ultrasound efficiently stabilized and functionalized Fe 3O 4NPs following modification to Fe 3O NPs, improved the zeta potential value from –33.5 to −47.1 mV, but increased the hydrodynamic size from 98 to 125 nm. The predicted values for the zeta potential, hydrodynamic size, and polydispersity index (PDI) at the highest desirability solution (100%) were −45 mV, 122 nm, and 0.257, while their experimental values at the optimal preparation conditions were −47.1 mV, 125 nm, and 0.281, respectively. It was found that the sonication time was the most influential factor in determining the responses. Based on the numerical desirability function, the optimized preparation parameters that influenced the responses were determined to be 40 ml, 5 ml, and 12 min for Bi concentration, sodium borohydride (SBH) concentration, and sonication time, respectively.
A face-centered central composite design (FCCD) investigated the effect of preparation settings on the stability, size, and size distribution of the nanocomposite. The Fe 3O nanocomposites were synthesized and statistically optimized using an ultrasonic probe and response surface methodology (RSM).
In this work, ultrasound has rapidly modified iron oxide (Fe 3O 4) NPs via incorporating their surface through coating with Bi NPs, creating unique Fe 3O composite NPs. The incorporation of additional functional groups such as bismuth nanoparticles (Bi NPs) into magnetite nanoparticles (Fe 3O 4 NPs) is critical for their properties modification, stabilization, and multi-functionalization in biomedical applications.
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